At Arromanches, north of Bayeux, British forces built a false port, including harbour walls and bridges, to enable the fast transfer of military supplies to the allied troops liberating France in 1944. It is a fascinating story and one we learned in great detail today (Tuesday). We also visited the British War Grave in Bayeux, where nearly 4,000 war dead are buried.
The great French military leader Napolean Bonaparte once said: “An army marches on its stomach.” It was the great British war time leader Winston Churchill who recognised that fact when planning the liberation of Nazi occupied France beginning on D-Day, 6 June 1944. Each soldier needed about 40kg per day.
Books and films about D-day and the liberation of Europe concentrate on the derring-do, the battles, the paratroopers dropping behind enemy lines and the sabotage of the resistance movements throughout Europe. Even the tales of the D-Day landings concentrate on the troops disembarking waist deep in water and under fire from German gun placements. Whether it’s the Longest Day or Saving Private Ryan, the fact that hundreds of thousands of troops were able to fed and watered, supplied with ammunition and even able to send mail and receive parcels from their families back home is just presented as a given. In fact it was an enormous feat of British engineering and ingenuity.
As Kate pointed out – now she worked on Building magazine – it was probably one of the earliest examples of large scale prefabricated construction.
Churchill knew that the invading forces would need a port to ensure their supply chain. All the calculations proved that capturing a port from the sea would be too tough a battle and too costly in terms of human lives. The alternative was to build a new port. It was a madcap idea and Churchill told people not to tell him it was impossible because the difficulties were obvious. They went away and did it, creating what became known as the Mulberry.
British construction and engineering firms built huge concrete hollow structures over a period of several years and then hid them from prying German spies by sinking them in rivers, including the Thames. Another 8,000 workers also built clip-together roads that could float on the sea. They built seven miles of the things, using 110,000 tonnes of steel. As part of the D-Day flotilla, these were all extracted from the hiding places and carried across the Channel (it took 132 tugs to carry the prefabricated concrete bocks).
Building a harbour began the bay after D-Day. First a dozen or so ships that had sailed across just for this purpose, were scuppered and sunk, forming a barrier against the worst elements of the tide, then the huge concrete blocks were lowered in place to create a harbour wall. But with shallow beaches, ships could not get close to the shore so, inside the harbour, floating jetties were created and the floating bridges extended to the shore, enabling empty trucks to drive from the land onto the floating docks, received their cargo from the supply vessels and then drive back to land.
This enabled armies to surge into Europe and fight to regain ports from the land. What was meant to be a temporary measure of no more than 90 days, lasted for many weeks longer than expected and nearby ports were not taken and secured (often they had been mined) for months. Eindhoven (I think) was the first major port secured, with other Belgian and Dutch ports and then Le Havre, following) and only then was the Mulberry port at Arromanches closed down in October 1944.
You can see the remaining bits of the Mulberry harbour in the sea in the background.


The museum on the coast there is a bit tacky but full of detail and well worth the visit. It also puts into perspective the “world” nature of the phrase world war. Troops, airmen and sailors from Belgium, Norway, Greece, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands and many other countries were part of the liberation force. Their flags fly outside.

But the unique monuments are to the supply-side staff – even postal workers, for example – who carried out such vital “back-office” work, keeping the frontline troops well stocked and in touch.

A similar harbour was built further down the coast (at Utah or Omaha beach – Cannot remember) by the US but severe storms wrecked it because the yanks had not been so careful with the scuppered vessels and first blocks, leaving Arromanches (near Gold beach) as the sole supply port.
In a classic example of recycling, the floating bridges (four of the seven mile total had already been lost in the storms) were then taken in land to be used to replace bombed and mined bridges.
You can still see many of the concrete harbour blocks though, and, when the tide is out, go and play among some of the drifted sections in the sand.
The war grave is on the circular bypass round Bayeux but they have cobbled 100m or so of the road and imposed a 30kpm speed limit. The respect shown for the efforts of all those involved is still palpable.


Just so you know we haven’t gone all melancholy, Molly found a place today that sold what it called and “after Eight” pancake. This involved chocolate, cream and some green mint chocolate chip ice cream. So she was happy.
You come to France to find a nice farmhouse and to eat pancakes but all you get is gites and crepes!